San Benito County, California
History, Records, Facts and Genealogy

Court Records | Vital Records | CENSUS Records | TAX Records | Military Records | Church & Cemetery |
Maps & Atlases | Genealogy Addresses | Genealogy Related Sites |

San Benito County was created on February 12, 1874 from eastern Monterey County. San Benito County lost territory to no other county. The County has had three Boundary Changes:

  1. Most of San Benito County territory had been in Monterey County from 1850 to 1874 when it was separated to create the new county.
  2. Territory in Mariposa County from 1850 to 1855, and in Merced County from 1855 to 1856, was in Fresno County from 1856 to 1887, when it was added to San Benito County.
  3. Territory in Mariposa County from 1850 to 1855, was in Merced County from 1855 to 1887, when it was added to San Benito County.

The County was named after San Benito Valley. In his expedition in 1772, Crespi named a small river in honor of San Benidicto (Saint Benedict), the patron saint of the married, and it is from the contraction of this name that the county took its name. The County Seat is Hollister . See also County History for more historical details.

Counties adjacent to San Benito County are Santa Clara County (north & northwest), Merced County (northeast), Fresno County (east & southeast), Monterey County (southwest & west), Santa Cruz County (northwest).

San Benito County Cities Include Hollister, San Juan Bautista. CDPs (A census-designated place (CDP) is a type of place or area identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes) Include Aromas, Ridgemark. Unincorporated Communities Include New Idria, Paicines, Panoche, Tres Piños

County Court Courthouse Records

See Also California Land Records, Marriage Records, Court & Probate Records

Researchers often overlook the importance of court records, probate records, and land records as a source of family history information.

PLEASE READ FIRST!!!! Please call the clerk's department to confirm hours, mailing address, fees and other specifics before visiting or requesting information because of sometimes changing contact information. All Departments below can be contacted by clicking the link. NOTE: The record dates below are from the earliest date to present time.

San Benito County Clerk-Recorder's Office has Birth Records from 1905, Marriage Records from 1905, Death Records from 1905 and , Land Records from 1874. Although the county office was required to begin filing vital statistics in 1905, some records exist prior to that date.

The County Recorder-Clerk is responsible for examination and recording of all documents presented for recording that deal with establishing ownership of land in the County or as required by statute; administers the real property transfer tax law and maintains a permanent record and indexes of all documents for public viewing plus providing certified copies requested by the public; recording of all lawful documents such as deeds, deeds of trust, judgments, liens, affidavits, Uniform Commercial Code Financial Statements, etc; and the filing of Births, Deaths, and Marriages.

San Benito County Clerk of Superior Court has Probate Records from 1874 and Court Records from 1874.

The county Superior Court clerk has probate books and files from the county's superior court, civil court records, and naturalizations. Divorces may be here or in the Recorders Office, depending on how it was filed.

 Some early court records from the various courts may have been sent to the California State Archives. Besides court minutes and judgements, these records include tax lists, wills, deeds, estate inventories, and marriage bonds. The California State Archives has microfilm of selected county records, 1850–1919.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Court Records. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Court Records by clicking the link below:

  • Order County Court, Civil or Criminal Records Online
  • Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
  • San Benito County, California Court Books at Amazon.com
  • California Voter Registrations, 1900-1968: This database contains indexes to voter registration lists from various counties in California from 1900-1968. Information listed in these records includes: name of voter, age, address, occupation, and political affiliation.
  • Naturalization Petitions for the Southern District Of California, 1887-1940icon (The National Archives): NARA M1524. Naturalization Petitions for the Southern District Of California, 1887-1949.
  • California Passenger and Crew Lists, 1893-1957: This database is an index to passenger and crew lists of ships and some airplanes arriving at Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Pedro, and Ventura in the U.S. state of California, between 1893 and 1957. Information contained in the index includes name of passenger, their age, gender, ethnicity, nationality or last country of permanent residence, arrival date, port of arrival, port of departure, and ship name. If a name of a friend or relative whom the passenger was going to join with, or place of nativity was provided, that information is included as well.
  • San Francisco Ship Passenger Lists Vol. I [1850-1864]: The volume offered here is a reprint of the first volume in a series dealing with passenger arrivals at the port of San Francisco between 1850 and 1875, though this first volume contains a selection of passenger lists extending only though 1864.
  • San Francisco Ship Passenger Lists Vol. II [1850-1851]: Volume II is based on completely different sources than the first volume in the series, which covered the years 1850-1864, and it encompasses an additional 16,500 passenger arrivals at San Francisco Bay during the 20-month period from April 1850 to November 1851.
  • San Francisco Ship Passenger Lists. Vol. III: November 7, 1851 to June 17, 1852: Volume III covers a seven-month period during which approximately 25,000 persons arrived at the port of San Francisco--nearly 50% more than the number of arrivals for the preceding 18-month period covered in Volume II. The year 1852 witnessed a surge in migration to California, and this volume reflects the initial thrust of that surge.
  • Court, Land, Wills & Financial - Court records are an often overlooked, yet very valuable tool for finding information to assist you in your research. Land records, such as deeds, allow you to tie an ancestor to a specific place at a point in time. Other court records like those dealing with finances and estates often list related family members or give interesting details like the total value of property owned by your ancestors to add interest to your family history.
  • Immigration & Emigration - As our ancestors moved from one country to another, details about their lives were recorded on passenger lists and government documents. Immigration and emigration records can help you learn where your ancestors originally came from, where they went, when they left, who they traveled with, and more.

County Vital Records

See Also Vital Records in California

Birth, marriage, and death records are connected with central life events. They are prime sources for genealogical information.

PLEASE READ FIRST!!!! A certified copy fee must accompany all requests for copies of vital records. Requests received without the appropriate fee will be returned to the sender. Make your check or money order payable to the Office of Vital Records. Checks must be drawn on a United States bank. Money orders must be drawn on a United States bank or issued by the United States Postal Service. Do not send cash. If no record is found, they will issue a Certificate of No Public Record and retain the fee for the search according to State law. Before submitting your application to the Office of Vital Records, please view the processing times to make sure they are acceptable for your needs. 

California Department of Public Health, Office of Vital Records, MS 5103, P.O. Box 997410, Sacramento, CA 95899-7410; (916) 445-2684. They have the following records:


  • Birth & Death Certificates: The state of California began issuing certificates for births and Deaths in July 1905. Birth and death records for current year events and one year prior are available from the county health department; records for all years are maintained by the county recorder. If not, you should submit your request to the County Recorder’s Office in the county where the birth or death took place or order the birth / death certificate online through VitalChek.
    • Cost: $14.00 per birth certificate & $12.00 per death certificate.
    • Processing Time: 12-14 weeks when ordered by mail (Application for Birth or Death Certificate) or 2-5 Days when you Order Online.
  • Marriage Certificates: The state of California began issuing certificates for marriages since July 1905, except for 1987 to 1995 (The state does not have indexes for the years 1987-1995 so you must request these from the county). Certified copies of public marriage records are available from both the California Office of Vital Records and the County Recorder’s Office in the county where the public marriage license was issued. However, the Office of Vital Records is limited in its ability to search the records, and it can take up to 2-3 years to obtain a certified copy from thier office. Therefore, we recommend that certified copies of public marriage records be requested directly from the County Recorder’s Office or online.
    • Cost: $13.00 per certificate.
    • Processing Time: 2-3 years when ordered by MAIL or 2-5 Days when you Order Online.
  • Divorce Certificates: Certified copies are not available from State Health Department. Certified copies of actual divorce decrees are only available from the Superior Court in the county where the divorce was filed. The Office of Vital Records issues a Certificate of Record that includes only the names of the parties to the divorce, the county where the divorce was filed, and the court case number – it is not a certified copy of the divorce decree and does not indicate whether the divorce was ever finalized in court. The Office of Vital Records only has information for divorces that were filed with the court between 1962 and June 1984, and our processing times can take up to 2-3 years or Online with VitalChek.
    • Cost: $12.00 per certificate. Fee is for search and identification of county where certified copy can be obtained.
    • Processing Time: 2-3 years when ordered by MAIL or 2-5 Days when you Order Online.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Vital Records. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Vital Records by clicking the link below:

  • VitalChek Express Certificate Service. - Some documents are just too important to wait six weeks for. With VitalChek Express Certificate Service you won’t have to. VitalChek is the fast and convenient way to order certified government-issued vital records online. They make it easy for you to purchase the documents to which you are legally entitled. Beware of other online services that do not have relationships directly with the agencies that store your vital records. VitalChek's order process usually takes less than 10 minutes --And you can select express courier service for even faster delivery when time is running out.
  • Click Here to Search the Social Security Death Index for FREEicon - Search over 82 million death records and get genealogical information crucial to your family research. New content added weekly! Most comprehensive SSDI site online!
  • Research Death records In The World's Largest Newspaper Archive at NewpaperArchive.com! - Find thousands of historical California newspaper articles about deaths. Search for local articles about an old family friend that died many years ago or a celebrity that committed suicide. Historical newspapers contain a wealth of information about the deceased.
  • California Birth Index, 1905-1995: This database is an index to over 24.5 million births occurring in California between 1905 and 1995.
  • California Death Index, 1940-1997: his database is an index to the death records in State of California, USA, from 1940 through 1997. The database provides such valuable information as first, last and middle names of the descendants, birth dates, mother's maiden name, father's last name, sex, birth place, death place, residence at time of death, death date, social security number (when available), and the age of the individual when they died.
  • California Divorce Index, 1966-1984: This database is an index to over 3.5 million divorces that were filed in California (U.S.A.) from 1966-1984. Information that may be found in this database includes spouses' names, divorce date, and divorce county or city.
  • California Marriage Index, 1960-1985: This database contains a statewide index to over 4.8 million marriages that were performed in California between 1960 and 1985. Information that may be found in this database includes the bride's and groom's names, their ages, the marriage county, and the marriage date.
  • California Marriages, 1850-1877: This database contains information on individuals who were married in select areas of California between 1850 and 1960. Note that not all counties are included in this index and within the counties that are included not all years within the date range...
  • California Death Index 1940-1997
  • San Benito County, California Birth, Marriage & Death Books at Amazon.com
  • Birth, Marriage & Death - Vital records (births, deaths, marriages, and divorces) mark the milestones of our lives and are the foundation of family history research. Vital records, usually kept by a civic authority, can give you a more complete picture of your ancestor, help you distinguish between two people with the same name, and help you find links to a new generation.

County Census Records

See Also Research In Census Records & Statewide Records that exist for California

Few, if any, records reveal as many details about individuals and families as do government census records. Substitute records can be used when the official census is unavailable

  Countywide Records: Federal Population Schedules that exist for San Benito County, California are 1880, 1890 (fragment, see below), 1900, 1910, 1920 and 1930.Other Federal Schedules to look at when researching your Family Tree in San Benito County, California are Industry and Agriculture Schedules available for the years 1880. The Mortality Schedules for the years 1880.There are free downloadable and printable Census forms to help with your research. These include U.S. Census Extraction Forms and U.K. Census Extraction Forms.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Census Records. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Census Records by clicking the link below:

  • Census Online - California Census Records
  • California Census, 1790-1890: This collection contains the following indexes: 1790 Census Substitute; 1850 Federal Census Index; 1860 Federal Census Index; 1870 Federal Census Index (excluding San Francisco County); 1870 San Francisco County Census Index; 1834 Census Index of Santa Barbara; 1890 Veterans Schedule; 1890 Naval Veterans Schedule.
  • San Benito County, California Census Books at Amazon.com
  • Census & Voter Lists - A census is an official list of the people in a particular area at a given time, while voter lists show those who were registered to vote in a certain area. The valuable information found on census records helps you to understand your family in their time and place. Voter Lists serve as a confirmation of residence in between the years that the census was taken.

County Maps & Atlases

See Also Research In State Map Collections

California Antique Maps & Atlases has images of old American atlases during the years 1795, 1814, 1822, 1823, 1836, 1838, 1845, 1856, 1866, 1879 and 1897 for California and other states.

You can view rotating animated maps for California showing all the county boundaries for each census year overlayed with past and present maps so you can see the changes in county boundaries. You can view a list of maps for other states at Census Maps

You can view rotating animated maps for California showing all the county boundary changes for each year overlayed with past and present maps so you can see the changes in county boundaries . You can view a list of maps for other states and State Department of Transportation Maps at County Maps.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Maps. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Maps by clicking the link below:

County Military Records

See Also Military Records in California

Military and civil service records provide unique facts and insights into the lives of men and women who have served their country at home and abroad.

The uses and value of military records in genealogical research for ancestors who were veterans are obvious, but military records can also be important to re-searchers whose direct ancestors were not soldiers in any war. The fathers, grandfathers, brothers, and other close relatives of an ancestor may have served in a war, and their service or pension records could contain information that will assist in further identifying the family of primary interest. Due to the amount of genealogical information contained in some military pension files, they should never be overlooked during the research process. Those records not containing specific genealogical information are of historic value and should be included in any overall research design.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Military Records. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Military Records by clicking the link below:

County Tax Records

See Also Research In Tax Records

The U.S. Internal Revenue Service Assessment List for California, 1862–66, is available on thirty-three microfilm rolls at the California State Library in Sacramento. The lists include names, location and description of business, and tax rate for individuals taxed.

Similar to tax records in their yearly listing of residents are the “Great Register” of California, which are miscellaneous county voting registers that exist from the mid-nineteenth century. The registers were compiled and printed about every two years. Before 1900, they show name, address, and age (but the age may remain the same after a man's first entry). From about the mid-1800s, physical descriptions are included, but after the 1898 register, only the name, address, party affiliation, and sometimes occupation are listed.

Before 1892, the lists are county-wide, but usually alphabetical only by first letter or surname. They are particularly valuable for foreign-born voters, as the date and court of naturalization are listed. Copies of the "Great Registers," (1866–1944) are at the California State Library, which also has alphabetical card file abstracts for some of the earlier registers for San Francisco. Records from 1946 are with the individual county registrars of voters.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Tax Records. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Tax Records by clicking the link below:

County Genealogical Addresses

See Also Other California Genealogical Addresses

The Repositories in this section are Archives, Libraries, Museums, Genealogical and Historical Societies. Many County Historical and Genealogical Societies publish magazines and/or news letters on a monthly, quarterly, bi-annual or annual basis. Contacting the local societies should not be over looked. State Archives and Societies are usually much larger and better organized with much larger archived materials than their smaller county cousins but they can be more generalized and over look the smaller details that local societies tend to have. Libraries can also be a good place to look for local information. Some libraries have a genealogy section and may have some resources that are not located at archives or societies. Also, take a special look at any museums in the area. They sometimes have photos and items from years gone by as well as information of a genealogical interest. All these places are vitally important to the family genealogist and must not be passed over.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Genealogical Addresses. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Genealogical Addresses by clicking the link below:

  • San Benito County Genealogical Society, 381 Howard Court, Hollister, California 95023; 831-637-9709
  • San Benito County Historical Society, 498 Fifth Street, Hollister, California 95023; 831-635-0335
  • California Genealogical Society, 2201 Broadway, Suite LL2, Oakland, CA 94612-3031; 510-663-1358 fax: 510-663-1596
  • The California Historical Society, 678 Mission Street, San Francisco, California 94105; 415-357-1848 — voice; 415-357-1850 — fax; info@calhist.org — e-mail
  • California State Genealogical Alliance, 19765 Grand Avenue, Lake Elsinore, CA 92330
    One way to access many local and county genealogical and historical societies is through the Alliance, which publishes its own newsletter.
  • California State Archives, Office of Secretary of State, 1020 O Street, Room 130, Sacramento, CA 95814; Reference Desk: (916) 653-2246; General Information: (916) 653-7715; FAX: (916) 653-7363; E-Mail:ArchivesWeb@sos.ca.gov
  • California State Library, 914 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, CA 95814
  • The National Archives-Pacific Region
  • California Genealogical Society Books at Amazon.com
  • Newspapers & Periodicals - The Newspapers & Periodicals Collection lets you discover a wealth of information about your ancestors from many historical newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals. These types of sources can often supplement public records and provide information that is not recorded anywhere else. Here, you can learn more about your ancestor's possible daily activities by placing them in the context of their time.
  • Directories & Member Lists - Directories and member lists are typically compilations of information about people who belonged to various associations and groups or lived within city boundaries. They can be thought of as the predecessors to the modern-day phone book and usually list names, addresses, and sometimes the occupations of your ancestors.

County Church & Cemeteries

See Also Church & Cemetery Records in California

Obituaries can vary in the amount of information they contain, but many of them are genealogical goldmines, including information such as names, dates, places of birth and death, marriage information, and family relationships.

There are many churches and cemeteries in San Benito County. Some transcriptions are online. A great site is the San Benito County Tombstone Transcription Project.

There are no centralized repositories dealing with church records in California. Scattered records can be found in genealogical publications, the DAR compilations, and on microfilm. The Spanish missions have played a central role in California's religious history.

   Printed secondary sources of transcribed cemeteries exist for most California counties. The California State Society of the DAR has collected hundreds of such records. Transcripts are housed both at the national DAR and with some local chapters and libraries.

Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Cemetery & Church Records. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Cemetery & Church Records by clicking the link below:

Family Trees & Genealogy Tidbits

 

The use of published genealogies, electronic files containing genealogical lineage, and other compiled sources can be of tremendous value to a researcher.

When view family trees online or not, be sure to only take the info at face value and always follow up with your own sources or verify the ones they provide. Below is a list of online resources for San Benito County Family Trees, web forums and other family type information. Email us with websites containing San Benito County Family Trees, web forums and other family type information by clicking the link below:

Extended History

 


Image of historic San Benito County courthouse - click to enlarge
San Benito County Courthouse
Completed 1888

A Memorial and Biographical History of the Coast Counties of Central California by Henry D. Barrows and Luther A. Ingersoll, and published by The Lewis Publishing Company in 1893.

Early History.

But little was known of the interior of California prior to the commencement of the mission era, or 1769, although various navigators had sailed along the California coast, as recounted elsewhere in this volume, during the period intervening between the time of its discovery by Cabrillo, in 1642, and the advent of the Franciscan missionaries.

The Indians had roamed through the mountains and plains of this western coast for unknown ages, living a degraded life, but little above the level of that of the wild animals indigenous to this region. Of their origin or history there is no record. Aside from the story of the rocks, and the vague lesson taught by the topography of the country, we know absolutely nothing of Alta California prior to 1642; nor indeed but very little until the latter part of the eighteenth century. The historical period, therefore, may be said to commence with the founding of the missions.

Daring Father Junipero Serra's able administration, nine missions had been founded in Alta or Upper California. These missions had gathered many Indians into their folds, or had brought them under their control; and they had also acquired considerable wealth in the form of cattle, horses, sheep and other useful animals, and in grail), etc.; and also, four presidios or military appendages of the missions had been established by the government for the protection of the latter; so that the missionary establishments may be said to have had the territory along the coast, at least, practically under their control.

After the death of the pioneer president of the missions, Father Junipero Serra, in 1784, Father Palou, the senior priest in California, who had filled Father Junipero's place during his absence, became acting president till the appointment of a successor in the person of Father Fermnin Francisco Lasuen of San Diego, in honor of whom Point Fermin was named.

The policy of establishing missions in eligible localities was continued under the presidency of Father Lasuen, in accordance with orders of Governor Borica. Expeditions were sent out from different missions, for the purpose of finally fixing the locations for these new missions.

In November, 1795, Friar Danti and Lieutenant Sal and party set out from Monterey to explore the San Benito valley, and they found two suitable places,-----one on the San Benito river, and the other near the site of the present town of Gilroy. President Lasuen reported these to Governor Borica, who embodied the same in his report to the viceroy. As two sites had been recommended for the mission between San Carlos and Santa Clara, a further examination was ordered, and the site on San Benito river was chosen.

Here, on St. John's day, June 24, 1797, was founded the mission of San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist), so named to distinguish it from the mission already established, of San Juan Capistrano, which was named after an entirely different personage or saint.

President Lasuen appointed, as the first ministers of the new mission, "Los B. H. P. P., Pred'res, App. cos, Fr. Jesef de Mortearena, y Fr. Pedro Adriano Martines;" i.e., the reverend prelates, preachers apostolical, friars, etc., etc.

A few years after, or on the 13th of June,. 1803, the corner-stone of a church building was laid. Among the names of the persons who took part in the ceremonies of laying the corner-stone of this church, almost ninety years ago, were Padre Viader, conductor of ceremonies, José de la Guerra, padrino, and Captain Font and Surgeon Morelas. A record of the proceedings and a few coins were deposited in the corner-stone. An image of the patron saint of the mission, St. John the Baptist, was placed on the high altar in 1809; and on the 25th of June, 1812, or nine years after the corner-stone was laid, the church was dedicated, the records of the mission, noting the contemporary facts, of "Fernando VII (whom God preserve!) being king of Spain; Don Fernando Venegas, viceroy of New Spain (Mexico); José Joaquin Arrillaga, governor of California; Esteban Tapis, president of the missions in California, and Fr. Felipe de la Cuesta, minister at the mission."

Probably the buildings, including the church, warehouses, etc., as they exist at the present day, afford a fair idea of the mission establishment as it appeared during the early part of the century, less the busy and numerous neophyte actors and the missionary fathers under whom they labored. These buildings, of course, show the effects of time and the action of the elements; nevertheless, they are still in a fair state of preservation, and they show plainly, even to this late day, that their designers and builders were wise managers in temporal affairs, as well as faithful and devoted teachers of the spiritual doctrines which they believed in.

Some distance from the church were two rows of buildings, about 300 feet in length, under a common roof, with a passage-way between them, divided into many rooms, each entirely separate from the others, in which the neophytes were shut up nights, separately. These indian abode quarters long ago dissolved into earth mounds, which now are all that is left to mark their locality. The church buildings were so planned as to enclose an area some 200 feet square, in which the friars and their wards were safe from all outside enemies. A story is~ told that beneath the fallen wall on the west side of this square, sixty Spanish silver dollars of ancient dates were found. The San Juan church was built of adobes and slack-burnt bricks -- the latter being twelve inches by eight inches, by two inches thick, and being baked in a slow fire were very durable. The plan of the building is in the form of a cross; being 140 feet long, thirty feet wide, and forty feet to the ceiling, with a tile roofing. There are three altars, the principal one dedicated to St. John the Baptist, with a life-size statue of this titular saint, at the end of the nave of the church, and an altar on each side of the transept. The walls are four feet thick, braced with brick abutments outside when over twenty feet long, and plastered with lime mortar.

The church formerly had a chime of nine very fine-toned bells, cast in Peru, only one of which is now remaining in the building.

Of the venerable ten-acre mission orchard, only the old pear trees still live and bear fruit; and but a very few hardy olive trees are left of the olive orchard about a mile south of the church; while the vineyard disappeared many years ago.

According to the church records, over 4,000 bodies are buried in the cemetery adjoining the north wall of the church. Friar Esteban Tapis, who labored as a missionary in Alta California thirty-five years, died at this mission, November 4, 1825, and was buried under the chancel floor of the church. He had been in charge, successively, of the missions of Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez, San Cárlos and San Juan Bautista. The books of the church show that the number of Indians baptized amounted in all to 3,981.

Humboldt reports that at the time of his visit to California, in 1802, there were at the mission 530 male and 428 female Indian neophytes, or 958 in all. As a center of activity of nearly 1,000 human beings, we can imagine that it presented a vastly different scene from what it does now. As indicating the number of Indians in that neighborhood, at that period, it may be mentioned that within three and a half years after the founding of San Juan Mission, nearly 650 indians had been baptized, and that there were twenty-three rancherias, or Indian villages, within that jurisdiction.

The numerous Indian tribes of the district annoyed the mission by various unfriendly acts from time to time; and Sergeant Castro was sent out by Governor Borica with sufficient force to chastise them, and to partially check their depredations.

The prosperity and fertility of the country around San Juan are shown by the fact that during the first three years the increase of ganado mayor (large cattle or animals) belonging to the mission amounted to over 700 head, and the ganado menor, or smaller animals, exceeded 2,000 head; while 2,700 bushels of grain were produced in the year 1800.

In October, 1800, numerous earthquake shocks were felt; and especially on the eighteenth of that month, a very severe one occurred, causing considerable damage to the adobe buildings standing at the time, an account of which, are noticed at San Juan Bautista, is given in a letter of the Captain of the presidio of Monterey to Governor Arrillaga, on October 31, 1800: "I have to inform your Excellency that the mission of San Juan Bautista, since the 11th inst., has been visited by severe earthquakes; that Pedro Adriano Martinez, one of the Fathers of said mission, has informed me that during one day there were six severe shocks; that there is not a single habitation, although built with double walls, that has not been injured from roof to foundation, and that all are threatened with ruin; and that the fathers are compelled to sleep in the wagons to avoid danger, since the houses are not habitable. At the place where the rancheria is situated, some small openings have been observed in the earth, and also in the neighborhood of the river Pájaro, there is another deep opening, all resulting from the earthquakes. These phenomena have filled the fathers and inhabitants of that mission with consternation.

"The lieutenant, Don Raymundo Carrillo, has assured me the same, for on the eighteenth he stopped for the night at this mission (San Juan) on his journey from San José and being at supper with one of the fathers, a shock was felt, so powerful, and attended with such a loud noise, as to deafen them, when they fled to the court without finishing their supper; and that about 11 o'clock at night the shock was repeated with almost equal force.

"The fathers of the missions say that the Indians assure them that there have always been earthquakes at that place, and that there are certain cavities caused by earthquakes, from which salt water has flowed.

"All of which I communicate to you for your information.

"May our Lord preserve your life many years.

"Hemenegildo Sal.
"Monterey, October 31, 1800."

Old records recite that in 1800 the San Juan Indians sent three carts, nine yoke of oxen, nine horses and fifteen Indians to Monterey, when an attack from foreign vessels was feared, for which they were remunerated by order of the viceroy to encourage or stimulate zeal in the future in like cases.

Disagreements between the missions and settlers, and eventually between missions and the government, commenced early and from time to time caused more or less friction. It is recorded that in 1802 the clerical authorities of San Juan Bautista were directed to remove their stock from land claimed under a grant, Mariano Castro; but the matter being appealed to the viceroy, that officer decided in favor of the mission. In the year 1806, an exploring party, consisting of twenty-five men under lieutenant Moraga, was sent out from San Juan Bautista to explore the Tulare country, and incidentally to find suitable sites for new missions. Friar Pedro Muños accompanied the expedition, and kept a diary of the same. Leaving San Juan September 21, in an easterly direction, Moraga crossed the San Joaquin river and went north down the valley of that name, and continued his explorations twelve or fourteen days; and then turned about and traveled south on the east side of the valley, and finally, about November 1, reached the mission of San Fernando.

The report of this and other expeditions, by Father Tapis, for the year 1805 and 1806, says, twenty-four rancherias, with an aggregate of over 5,000 indians, had been visited; and that but four or five sites were found between San Miguel and San Fernando suitable for the location of new missions, which, if established would require a new presidio.

The mission church at San Juan Bautista was finished and dedicated June 23, 1812; Manuel Gutierrez, of Los Angeles, standing as sponsor (padrino), aided by the padres of San José and Santa Clara.

The next ten years were apparently uneventful ones at San Juan. Occasional expeditions were sent out to punish neighboring, unfriendly or thieving Indians, or to bring in converts. According to the archives, in 1815 or '16, Corporal José Dolores Pico, of San Juan, who went out with a small force after runaways, was badly wounded in a fight with the indians.

Mention is also made of an expedition under one Soto against the Mariposas, which brought in to the San Juan Mission some 300 Indians.

The estimated population of this mission, San Juan Bautista, at the beginning of this century, was about 1,000, mostly Christianized Indians.

Humboldt, who visited California in 1802, estimated the population of Alta California, whites and mulattoes, 1,300; converted Indians 15,560.

Dwinelle tells us that in 1834, or 65 years after the founding of San Diego, over 30,000 Indian converts were lodged in the buildings of the twenty-one missions of California; over 700,000 head of cattle of various species, besides 60,000 horses, pastured on the plains; 180,000 bushels of grain, mostly wheat, were produced annually, besides large quantities of wine, brandy, wool, oil, etc.

The mission of San Juan Bautista owned in 1820 over 40,000 head of cattle, nearly 1,400 tame horses, 4,800 mares, fillies and colts, and about 70,000 head of sheep. Indians, under the control of this mission, employed more than 300 yoke of work oxen in carrying on its extensive farming operations.

In 1813, and again in 1828, the Spanish Cortez decreed the secularization of missions in all Spanish Colonies. The Mexican Congress, August 17, 1833, passed a secularization law, which was effectually enforced within two or three years thereafter.

Mexican Land Grants.

The following is a list of confirmed land grants wholly or partly in San Benito county, with names of confirmés, dates and numbers of acres each.

NAME OF GRANT Date Acres Grantees
Aromitas y Agua Caliente, 1835 8,659 F. A. Mac Dougall, et al.
Ansaymas y San Felipe, 1833 11,744 F. P. Pacheco
Bolsa de San Felipe, 1840 6,795 F. P. Pacheco
Cienega del Gabilan, 1843 21,874 J. D. Carr
Cienega de los Paicines, 1842 8,917 A Castro, et al
Los Carneros, 1842 236 F. A. Mac Dougall, et al.
Liano del Tequisqaite, 1835 16,016 Sanchez heirs
Lomerias Muertas, 1842 6,660 Sanchez heirs
Los Vergeles, 1835 2,085 James Stokes
Mission S. Juan Bautista, 1797 55 Bishop, etc. J. S. Alemany
Real de los Aquilas, 1844 31,052 F. A. Mac Dougall, et al.
San Antonio, 1846 4,493 M. Larios
Santa Ana y Qaien Sabe, 1839 48,822 M. Larios, et al.
San Joaquin, 1836 7,425 C. Cervantez
San Justo, 1839 34,619 F. P. Pacheco
San Loreuzo, 1846 2,384 R. Sanchez
Tract near Mission S. Juan 1839 401 P. Breen
The status of Panoche Grande, about 17,000 acres, 1844 to V. P Gomez is given elsewhere.
Total area of Mexican grants, 232,100 acres
Total area of public lands, 442,900 acres
Total area of S Benito county, 676,000 acres

Change of Government.

The quiet of San Juan Bautista Mission was disturbed by the events attending and immediately succeeding the change from Mexican to United States rule. Shortly after the raising of the American flag at Monterey, July 7, 1846, and at the other important points a few days later, Castro, with such disaffected forces as he could save from the general demoralization that began to set in, withdrew to San Juan; but he did not remain there long as, on the 17th of July, Frémont and his battalion arrived there from the north, and the same day Fauntleroy and a squad of dragoons reached there, where upon the American flag was raised, thus completing the conquest of this portion of California.

On the 19th, the battalion started for Monterey, leaving a small force at San Juan. A little later Captain Fauntleroy with fifty men was sent from Monterey to relieve the force left at San Juan by Frémont. While stationed there an expedition was sent out against Indian horse-thieves, with whom it had a fight, in which several Indians were killed and the horses stolen were recovered. In October, Fauntleroy's men having been called elsewhere, a small force under Maddox was sent to San Juan, where they spiked the iron cannon which had been left there, and took away the brass cannon to keep them from falling into the hands of the Californians.

About the middle of November several recruiting parties for Frémont's battalion arrived with men and horses at San Juan Bautista. Consul Larkin, while on his way from Monterey to San Francisco, was captured at Gomez ranch, Los Verjeles, where he stopped for the night, by a band of Castro's Californians led by Chavez, and taken to Castro's camp, the object evidently being to use him as an exchange for some of their own patrolled men who had been captured. The Californians entertained a plan of attacking San Juan) and they endeavored, but of course to no avail, to get Larkin to aid them in the scheme. Their plan, it would seem, contemplated a feigned attack on San Juan by a few men for the purpose of drawing out the garrison in pursuit, which they then thought they could overcome with their principal force. A severe fight ensued at the Natividad ranch, in which several men were killed and more wounded on both sides. In the meantime word was sent to Monterey, and Frémont immediately hastened to the rescue; and the Californians having withdrawn, he gathered his varones at San Juan, where the battalion's organization was completed and preparations were made for a march south against the foe. The course taken was up the San Benito and over into the Salinas valley, and thence to Sari Luis Obispo, which latter place was captured without opposition.

Here Jesus Pico, who had been captured at Wilson's ranch, was tried by court martial for having broken his parole in the San Juan and Natividad campaign. He was found guilty and sentenced to be shot. But the pathetic appeal of his wife and fourteen children, and of many other women, her neighbors and of some of Frémont's own officers who had been formerly befriended by Pico, caused Frémont to relent and to grant him a pardon. Pico thereafter became the grateful and sincere friend of the man who had thus saved his life. Pico died quite recently.

American Settlement of San Benito Valley.

One of the first American settlements in the San Benito valley was begun by Jacob Watson in 1854, near the site of the present town of Hollister. Prior to that time the valley was occupied as a stock range by the owners of Mexican land grants. The neighboring foot-hills and mountain ranges were the home of deer, antelope and bear. From 1861 to 1870 much of the valley now used as a sheep range, the Hollisters and Flint, and Bixby & Co., having engaged in breeding improved sheep in this section, which was then a portion of Monterey county.

County Division.

The rapid settlement of the extensive and fertile San Benito valley and the valleys tributary thereto, which were separated from the rest of Monterey county by the Gabilan range of mountains, developed interests which centered in the new communities, and out of which grew, very naturally, a desire by the people to manage for themselves their own local affairs. The first attempt to divide Monterey county, by having San Benito set oft by itself as a separate political division, was made in the legislature of 1869 --'70; but the opposition interposed by the resident portion of the present old county caused the movement to fail at this time. Nevertheless, it continued to gain strength from many and legitimate causes. The contest became a very heated one for the time being, swallowing up all other issues. The people living east of the Gabilan insisted that they were entitled to a division, and they were almost unanimously determined to have it. The election of a representative in the legislature turned on this one issue. The question was division or no division, Republicans and Democrats forgetting their party affiliations. But though the "new-county" people were still in the minority, they did not give up the fight. They returned again to the charge in the next election, and won by a small majority. The contest was carried to the Assembly and then to the Senate, in each of which houses the divisionists won, and then to the governor, who after some hesitation signed the bill, and thus, finally, in March 1874, the act creating the new county became a law. By this act the governor was authorized and directed to appoint five commissioners who were charged with the organization of the new county. The names of the commissioners appointed were: T. S. Hawkins, Jesse Whitton, Mark Pomeroy, John Breen and H. M. Hayes. This commission met at the town of Hollister, February 18, 1874, and organized by electing John Breen as president, and H. M. Hayes as secretary. The new county was subdivided into four townships, viz.: Hollister, San Juan, San Benito and Paicines. and three supervisorial districts, numbered one, two and three. District number one, comprised Hollister township; number two, San Juan township; and number three, San Benito and Paicines townships. The new officers were to be appointed by the governor or filled by special election. James F. Breen, who had resigned the judgeship of Monterey county was appointed by the governor to the same position in San Benito county, while the commissioners, under provisions of the organic act, ordered a special election on the 26th day of March, 1874, whereat the required county officers were to be chosen, and the county seat was to be permanently located by popular vote.

At this election the following officers were elected, viz.: Sheriff and ex officio tax collector, Benjamin F. Ross; clerk and recorder, H. M. Hayes; district attorney, N. N. Briggs; treasurer, T. McMahon; assessor, Hayden Dowdy; surveyor, F. P. McCray; school superintendent, H. Z. Morris; coroner and public administrator, J. M. Black; supervisors: district No. 1, Mark Pomeroy; district No. 2, Thomas Flint; district No. 3, D. J. Watson. Under the provisions of an amended act of the Legislature, approved March 10, 1876, the boards of supervisors of the old and new counties jointly selected a commission of five members, -- two by Monterey, two by San Benito, and the fifth by the judge of the twentieth judicial district court, -- which met at Salinas city, inventoried and appraised the property and assets of each county, ascertained the amount of indebtedness of Monterey county, on the 12th day of February, 1874, the date on which the act creating San Benito county became a law. The commissioners deducted the total value of assets of both counties from the total indebtedness, which exceeded the assets, and ascertained the pro. portion of the debt due from San Benito county to be $5,808.56, for which amount bonds bearing interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum, and payable in five years, were issued, and made payable to the order of Monterey county. The principle is sound in the division of a partnership or of a county, that each partner shall assume his or its proportion of the existing indebtedness.

San Benito County in 1892.

An Benito county constitutes one judicial district, of which Hon. James F. Breen is the superior judge. The other county officers are: John L. Hudner, district attorney; C. C. Cargill, assemblyman; E. E. Holbrook, sheriff and ex officio tax collector; Rody Shaw, county clerk, ex officio recorder, and auditor; D. F. McPhail, assessor; E. B. Montgomery, treasurer; J. N. Thompson, school superintendent; W. K. Brown, surveyor; D. McCarty, public administrator and coroner.

The county is now divided into five supervisor districts, and the following are the present supervisors: D. Snibley, district No. 1; Luis Raggio, district No. 2; G. S. Nash, district No. 3; A. J. Chaney, district No. 4; M. F. Finch, chairman, district No. 5.

The county courthouse at Hollister, the county seat, was erected in 1887, and cost about $45,000. It is a two-story edifice with basement and tower; the walls are of brick, stuccoed; its site is on a lot 300x200 feet, fronting on Monterey street, between Fourth and Fifth streets. The courthouse has entrances on three sides, by fourteen granite steps, with columned porches. In the northwest rear corner of the grounds stands a substantial one-story brick jail, costing about $10,000, which, though neatly and carefully kept, appears (to the credit of the community be it said) to be poorly patronized.

The grounds of the courthouse are surrounded by an ornamental iron fence; and on three sides, outside the cement walks, are some thirty beautiful bright-green, ever graceful "umbrella trees," which, with the grass plat surrounding the building, give the San Benito courthouse and grounds a unique appearance during a greater portion of the year, which is as rare as it is beautiful. There are also a few palm and other ornamental trees interspersed within and around the yard, but not of such numbers or size as to interrupt the view from within or without the grounds. The county has built three bridges, costing in the aggregate about $25,000.

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